<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2026 Workiva-->
<!--r:019e5e65-109f-7471-adb9-b5d8b4891874,g:921a7cde-f3f4-402f-8ed6-81fe22933284-->
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:iclr="http://www.iconplc.com/20250930" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:dtr-types="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31" attributeFormDefault="unqualified" elementFormDefault="qualified" targetNamespace="http://www.iconplc.com/20250930">
  <xs:import namespace="http://fasb.org/srt/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2025/elts/srt-2025.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31/types.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/country/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/country/2025/country-2025.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd"/>
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:appinfo>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="iclr-20250930_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="iclr-20250930_def.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/definitionLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="iclr-20250930_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="iclr-20250930_cal.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/calculationLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:roleType id="Cover" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/Cover">
        <link:definition>0000001 - Document - Cover</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="CONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDBALANCESHEETSUNAUDITEDParenthetical" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/CONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDBALANCESHEETSUNAUDITEDParenthetical">
        <link:definition>9952151 - Statement - CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED) (Parenthetical)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="CONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFSHAREHOLDERSEQUITYUNAUDITED" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/CONDENSEDCONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFSHAREHOLDERSEQUITYUNAUDITED">
        <link:definition>9952152 - Statement - CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (UNAUDITED)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="CONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFOPERATIONSUNAUDITED" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/CONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFOPERATIONSUNAUDITED">
        <link:definition>9952153 - Disclosure - CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="CONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFCOMPREHENSIVEINCOMEUNAUDITED" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/CONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSOFCOMPREHENSIVEINCOMEUNAUDITED">
        <link:definition>9952154 - Disclosure - CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="CONSOLIDATEDBALANCESHEETSUNAUDITED" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/CONSOLIDATEDBALANCESHEETSUNAUDITED">
        <link:definition>9952155 - Disclosure - CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="RestatedConsolidatedStatementsofCashFlows" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/RestatedConsolidatedStatementsofCashFlows">
        <link:definition>9952156 - Disclosure - Restated Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="Disaggregationofrevenue" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/Disaggregationofrevenue">
        <link:definition>9952157 - Disclosure - Disaggregation of revenue</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="Accountsreceivableunbilledrevenuecontractassetsandunearnedrevenueorpaymentsonaccountcontractliabilities" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/Accountsreceivableunbilledrevenuecontractassetsandunearnedrevenueorpaymentsonaccountcontractliabilities">
        <link:definition>9952158 - Disclosure - Accounts receivable, unbilled revenue (contract assets) and unearned revenue or payments on account (contract liabilities)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="Goodwill" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/Goodwill">
        <link:definition>9952159 - Disclosure - Goodwill</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="Intangibleassets" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/Intangibleassets">
        <link:definition>9952160 - Disclosure - Intangible assets</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="BusinessSegmentandGeographicalInformation" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/BusinessSegmentandGeographicalInformation">
        <link:definition>9952161 - Disclosure - Business Segment and Geographical Information</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="DisaggregationofrevenueTables" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/DisaggregationofrevenueTables">
        <link:definition>9955511 - Disclosure - Disaggregation of revenue (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="AccountsreceivableunbilledrevenuecontractassetsandunearnedrevenueorpaymentsonaccountcontractliabilitiesTables" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/AccountsreceivableunbilledrevenuecontractassetsandunearnedrevenueorpaymentsonaccountcontractliabilitiesTables">
        <link:definition>9955512 - Disclosure - Accounts receivable, unbilled revenue (contract assets) and unearned revenue or payments on account (contract liabilities) (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="GoodwillTables" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/GoodwillTables">
        <link:definition>9955513 - Disclosure - Goodwill (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="IntangibleassetsTables" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/IntangibleassetsTables">
        <link:definition>9955514 - Disclosure - Intangible assets (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="BusinessSegmentandGeographicalInformationTables" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/BusinessSegmentandGeographicalInformationTables">
        <link:definition>9955515 - Disclosure - Business Segment and Geographical Information (Tables)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="DisaggregationofrevenueScheduleofDisaggregationofRevenueDetails" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/DisaggregationofrevenueScheduleofDisaggregationofRevenueDetails">
        <link:definition>9955516 - Disclosure - Disaggregation of revenue - Schedule of Disaggregation of Revenue (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="AccountsreceivableunbilledrevenuecontractassetsandunearnedrevenueorpaymentsonaccountcontractliabilitiesScheduleofAccountsReceivablesandUnbilledRevenueDetails" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/AccountsreceivableunbilledrevenuecontractassetsandunearnedrevenueorpaymentsonaccountcontractliabilitiesScheduleofAccountsReceivablesandUnbilledRevenueDetails">
        <link:definition>9955517 - Disclosure - Accounts receivable, unbilled revenue (contract assets) and unearned revenue or payments on account (contract liabilities) - Schedule of Accounts Receivables and Unbilled Revenue (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="AccountsreceivableunbilledrevenuecontractassetsandunearnedrevenueorpaymentsonaccountcontractliabilitiesScheduleofUnbilledServicesandUnearnedRevenueorPaymentsonAccountDetails" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/AccountsreceivableunbilledrevenuecontractassetsandunearnedrevenueorpaymentsonaccountcontractliabilitiesScheduleofUnbilledServicesandUnearnedRevenueorPaymentsonAccountDetails">
        <link:definition>9955518 - Disclosure - Accounts receivable, unbilled revenue (contract assets) and unearned revenue or payments on account (contract liabilities) - Schedule of Unbilled Services and Unearned Revenue or Payments on Account (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="GoodwillScheduleofGoodwillDetails" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/GoodwillScheduleofGoodwillDetails">
        <link:definition>9955519 - Disclosure - Goodwill - Schedule of Goodwill (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="GoodwillNarrativeDetails" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/GoodwillNarrativeDetails">
        <link:definition>9955520 - Disclosure - Goodwill - Narrative (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="IntangibleassetsScheduleofFiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsDetails" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/IntangibleassetsScheduleofFiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsDetails">
        <link:definition>9955521 - Disclosure - Intangible assets - Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="IntangibleassetsNarrativeDetails" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/IntangibleassetsNarrativeDetails">
        <link:definition>9955522 - Disclosure - Intangible assets - Narrative (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="BusinessSegmentandGeographicalInformationScheduleofDistributionofRevenuebyGeographicalAreaDetails" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/BusinessSegmentandGeographicalInformationScheduleofDistributionofRevenuebyGeographicalAreaDetails">
        <link:definition>9955523 - Disclosure - Business Segment and Geographical Information - Schedule of Distribution of Revenue by Geographical Area (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
      <link:roleType id="BusinessSegmentandGeographicalInformationScheduleofDistributionofIncomefromOperationsbyGeographicalAreaDetails" roleURI="http://www.iconplc.com/role/BusinessSegmentandGeographicalInformationScheduleofDistributionofIncomefromOperationsbyGeographicalAreaDetails">
        <link:definition>9955524 - Disclosure - Business Segment and Geographical Information - Schedule of Distribution of Income from Operations by Geographical Area (Details)</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
    </xs:appinfo>
  </xs:annotation>
  <xs:element id="iclr_OtherUndenominatedCapitalMember" abstract="true" name="OtherUndenominatedCapitalMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_StockRepurchasedDuringPeriodCostEquity" abstract="false" name="StockRepurchasedDuringPeriodCostEquity" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="debit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeEquityMethodInvestmentsAndNoncontrollingInterests" abstract="false" name="IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeEquityMethodInvestmentsAndNoncontrollingInterests" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_OtherUndenominatedCapital" abstract="false" name="OtherUndenominatedCapital" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_ImpairmentOperatingRightOfUseAssetsAndRelatedPropertyPlantAndEquipment" abstract="false" name="ImpairmentOperatingRightOfUseAssetsAndRelatedPropertyPlantAndEquipment" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="debit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_PaymentsForBrokerCommissionShareRepurchaseCosts" abstract="false" name="PaymentsForBrokerCommissionShareRepurchaseCosts" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_ScheduleOfOperatingIncomeByGeographyTableTextBlock" abstract="false" name="ScheduleOfOperatingIncomeByGeographyTableTextBlock" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:textBlockItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_Clients15Member" abstract="true" name="Clients15Member" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_Clients610Member" abstract="true" name="Clients610Member" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_Clients1125Member" abstract="true" name="Clients1125Member" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_OtherCustomersMember" abstract="true" name="OtherCustomersMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_ContractAssetsAbstract" abstract="true" name="ContractAssetsAbstract" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:stringItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_ContractsReceivableGross" abstract="false" name="ContractsReceivableGross" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="debit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_ContractsReceivableNet" abstract="false" name="ContractsReceivableNet" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="debit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsAccumulatedImpairment" abstract="false" name="FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsAccumulatedImpairment" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="instant" xbrli:balance="credit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_RestOfEuropeMember" abstract="true" name="RestOfEuropeMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="iclr_RestOfWorldMember" abstract="true" name="RestOfWorldMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types:domainItemType"/>
</xs:schema>
